. Platinum is a with the Pt and 78.
It is a, highly unreactive, silverish-white. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platino, meaning 'little silver'.Platinum is a member of the of elements and of the. It has six naturally occurring. It is one of the, with an average abundance of approximately 5 /kg.
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It occurs in some and ores along with some deposits, mostly in, which accounts for 80% of the world production. Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few hundred are produced annually, and given its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a major.Platinum is one of the. It has remarkable resistance to, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a. Consequently, platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum. Because it occurs naturally in the of various rivers, it was first used by South American natives to produce artifacts.
It was referenced in European writings as early as 16th century, but it was not until published a report on a new metal of origin in 1748 that it began to be investigated by scientists.Platinum is used in, laboratory equipment, contacts and, equipment, and jewelry. Being a, it leads to health problems upon exposure to its; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not been linked to adverse health effects. Compounds containing platinum, such as, and, are applied in against certain types of cancer.As of 2020, the value of platinum is around $32.00 per gram ($1,000 per troy ounce).
Contents.Characteristics Physical Pure platinum is a lustrous, and, silver-white metal. Platinum is more ductile than, or, thus being the most ductile of pure metals, but it is less malleable than gold. The metal has excellent resistance to, is stable at high temperatures and has stable electrical properties. Platinum does oxidize, forming PtO 2, at 500 °C; this oxide can be easily removed thermally. It reacts vigorously with fluorine at 500 °C (932 °F) to form.
It is also attacked by,. Platinum is insoluble in and, but dissolves in hot (A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids), to form, H 2PtCl 6.Its physical characteristics and chemical stability make it useful for industrial applications. Its resistance to wear and tarnish is well suited to use in fine.Chemical. Platinum being dissolved in hotThe most common of platinum are +2 and +4. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are less common, and are often stabilized by metal bonding in bimetallic (or polymetallic) species.
As is expected, tetracoordinate platinum(II) compounds tend to adopt 16-electron geometries. Although elemental platinum is generally unreactive, it dissolves in hot to give aqueous (H 2PtCl 6): Pt + 4 HNO 3 + 6 HCl → H 2PtCl 6 + 4 NO 2 + 4 H 2OAs a, platinum has a great affinity for sulfur, such as on (DMSO); numerous DMSO complexes have been reported and care should be taken in the choice of reaction solvent.In 2007, won the for determining the detailed molecular mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of over platinum. Isotopes. Main article:Platinum has six naturally occurring: 190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, and 198Pt. The most of these is 195Pt, comprising 33.83% of all platinum.
It is the only stable isotope with a non-zero spin; with a spin of 1/ 2, 195Pt satellite peaks are often observed in 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy (i.e., Pt-phosphine and Pt-alkyl complexes). 190Pt is the least abundant at only 0.01%. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, only 190Pt is unstable, though it decays with a half-life of 6.5 ×10 11 years, causing an activity of 15 /kg of natural platinum.
198Pt can undergo, but its decay has never been observed (the is known to be longer than 3.2 ×10 14 years); therefore, it is considered stable. Platinum also has 34 synthetic isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 165 to 204, making the total number of known isotopes 40. The least stable of these are 165Pt and 166Pt, with half-lives of 260 µs, whereas the most stable is 193Pt with a half-life of 50 years. Most platinum isotopes decay by some combination of and alpha decay. 188Pt, 191Pt, and 193Pt decay primarily. 190Pt and 198Pt are predicted to have energetically favorable paths.
Occurrence. A native platinum nugget, mine,Platinum is an extremely rare metal, occurring at a concentration of only 0.005 in. It is sometimes mistaken for silver. Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and as with the other platinum-group metals and mostly.
Most often the native platinum is found in secondary deposits in deposits. The alluvial deposits used by people in the, are still a source for platinum-group metals. Another large alluvial deposit is in the, Russia, and it is still mined.In and deposits, platinum-group metals occur as (e.g. (Pt,Pd)S), (e.g. PtBiTe), (PdSb), and (e.g.
PtAs 2), and as end alloys with nickel or copper. Platinum arsenide, (PtAs 2), is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the deposit in,. At, about 17,000 kg (550,000 ozt) was mined between 1927 and 1975.
The mine ceased operations in 1990. The rare, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with and nickel. Cooperite occurs in the within the,.In 1865, were identified in the Bushveld region of South Africa, followed by the discovery of platinum in 1906. In 1924, the geologist discovered a large supply of platinum in the in South Africa. The specific layer he found, named the, contains around 75% of the world's known platinum. The large copper–nickel deposits near in, and the, are the two other large deposits.
In the Sudbury Basin, the huge quantities of nickel ore processed make up for the fact platinum is present as only 0.5 in the ore. Smaller reserves can be found in the United States, for example in the in. In 2010, South Africa was the top producer of platinum, with an almost 77% share, followed by Russia at 13%; world production in 2010 was 192,000 kg (423,000 lb).Large platinum deposits are present in the state of,.Platinum exists in higher abundances on the and in meteorites.
Correspondingly, platinum is found in slightly higher abundances at sites of impact on Earth that are associated with resulting post-impact volcanism, and can be mined economically; the is one such example. Compounds Halides Hexachloroplatinic acid mentioned above is probably the most important platinum compound, as it serves as the precursor for many other platinum compounds.
By itself, it has various applications in photography, zinc etchings, plating, mirrors, porcelain coloring, and as a catalyst.Treatment of hexachloroplatinic acid with an ammonium salt, such as, gives, which is relatively insoluble in ammonium solutions. Heating this ammonium salt in the presence of hydrogen reduces it to elemental platinum. Is similarly insoluble, and hexachloroplatinic acid has been used in the determination of potassium ions by.When hexachloroplatinic acid is heated, it decomposes through and to elemental platinum, although the reactions do not occur stepwise: (H 3O) 2PtCl 6 nH 2O ⇌ PtCl 4 + 2 HCl + ( n + 2) H 2O PtCl 4 ⇌ PtCl 2 + Cl 2 PtCl 2 ⇌ Pt + Cl 2All three reactions are reversible. And are known as well. Is a strong oxidizer capable of.Oxides , PtO 2, also known as ', is a black powder that is soluble in (KOH) solutions and concentrated acids. PtO 2 and the less common PtO both decompose upon heating. Platinum(II,IV) oxide, Pt 3O 4, is formed in the following reaction:2 Pt 2+ + Pt 4+ + 4 O 2− → Pt 3O 4 Other compounds Unlike, is not commercially available.
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Where a base is desired, the halides have been used in conjunction with. The use of platinum(II) acetylacetonate has also been reported.Several barium platinides have been synthesized in which platinum exhibits negative oxidation states ranging from −1 to −2. These include BaPt, Ba3Pt2, and Ba2Pt.
Caesium platinide, Cs2Pt, a dark-red transparent crystalline compound has been shown to contain Pt 2−anions. Platinum also exhibits negative oxidation states at surfaces reduced electrochemically. The negative oxidation states exhibited by platinum are unusual for metallic elements, and they are attributed to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals., containing an ligand, was one of the first discovered. Is a commercially available complex, which contains easily displaceable ('cod' being an abbreviation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene). The cod complex and the halides are convenient starting points to platinum chemistry., or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) is the first of a series of square planar platinum(II)-containing chemotherapy drugs. Others include.
These compounds are capable of, and kill cells by similar pathways to alkylating. (Side effects of cisplatin include nausea and vomiting, hair loss, tinnitus, hearing loss, and nephrotoxicity.). CisplatinHistory Early uses Archaeologists have discovered traces of platinum in the gold used in ancient Egyptian burials as early as 1200 BC.
For example, a small box from burial of was found to be decorated with gold-platinum hieroglyphics. However, the extent of early Egyptians' knowledge of the metal is unclear. It is quite possible they did not recognize there was platinum in their gold.The metal was used by Americans near modern-day to produce artifacts of a white gold-platinum alloy.
Archeologists usually associate the tradition of platinum-working in South America with the (circa 600 BC - AD 200), but precise dates and location is difficult, as most platinum artifacts from the area were bought secondhand through the rather than obtained by direct archeological excavation. To work the metal, they would combine gold and platinum powders. The resulting gold-platinum alloy would then be soft enough to shape with tools. The platinum used in such objects was not the pure element, but rather a naturally occurring mixture of the metals, with small amounts of palladium, rhodium, and iridium.
European discovery The first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the humanist as a description of an unknown noble metal found between and Mexico, 'which no fire nor any Spanish artifice has yet been able to liquefy'. From their first encounters with platinum, the Spanish generally saw the metal as a kind of impurity in gold, and it was treated as such. It was often simply thrown away, and there was an official decree forbidding the of gold with platinum impurities. Time trend of platinum productionPlatinum, along with the rest of the, is obtained commercially as a by-product from and mining and processing. During, noble metals such as silver, gold and the platinum-group metals as well as and settle to the bottom of the cell as 'anode mud', which forms the starting point for the extraction of the platinum-group metals.If pure platinum is found in or other ores, it is isolated from them by various methods of subtracting impurities. Because platinum is significantly denser than many of its impurities, the lighter impurities can be removed by simply floating them away in a liquid. Platinum is, whereas nickel and iron are both.
These two impurities are thus removed by running an electromagnet over the mixture. Because platinum has a higher melting point than most other substances, many impurities can be burned or melted away without melting the platinum. Finally, platinum is resistant to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, whereas other substances are readily attacked by them. Metal impurities can be removed by stirring the mixture in either of the two acids and recovering the remaining platinum.One suitable method for purification for the raw platinum, which contains platinum, gold, and the other platinum-group metals, is to process it with aqua regia, in which palladium, gold and platinum are dissolved, whereas osmium, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium stay unreacted.
The gold is precipitated by the addition of and after filtering off the gold, the platinum is precipitated as by the addition of. Ammonium chloroplatinate can be converted to platinum by heating. Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate(IV) may be reduced with elemental, and a similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues. Mining and refining platinum has environmental impacts. Applications. Cutaway view of aOf the 218 tonnes of platinum sold in 2014, 98 tonnes were used for devices (45%), 74.7 tonnes for jewelry (34%), 20.0 tonnes for chemical production and petroleum refining (9.2%), and 5.85 tonnes for electrical applications such as hard disk drives (2.7%). The remaining 28.9 tonnes went to various other minor applications, such as medicine and biomedicine, glassmaking equipment, investment, electrodes, anticancer drugs, and turbine engines.
Catalyst The most common use of platinum is as a in chemical reactions, often as. It has been employed as a catalyst since the early 19th century, when platinum powder was used to catalyze the ignition of hydrogen. Its most important application is in automobiles as a, which allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst in a number of separate processes, but especially in of straight-run into higher-octane gasoline that becomes rich in aromatic compounds. PtO 2, also known as, is used as a hydrogenation catalyst, specifically for. Platinum also strongly catalyzes the decomposition of into and oxygen and it is used in as a catalyst for the reduction of. Standard.
Main articles: andPlatinum is a; its has the of XPT. Coins, bars, and ingots are traded or collected. Platinum finds use in jewellery, usually as a 90–95% alloy, due to its inertness. It is used for this purpose for its prestige and inherent bullion value. Jewellery trade publications advise jewellers to present minute surface scratches (which they term ) as a desirable feature in attempt to enhance value of platinum products.In, and other companies use platinum for producing their limited edition watch series. Watchmakers appreciate the unique properties of platinum, as it neither tarnishes nor wears out (the latter quality relative to gold).The price of platinum, like other industrial commodities, is more volatile than that of gold.
In 2008, the price of platinum dropped from $2,252 to $774 per oz, a loss of nearly 2/3 of its value. By contrast, the price of gold dropped from $1,000 to $700/oz during the same time frame, a loss of only 1/3 of its value.During periods of sustained economic stability and growth, the price of platinum tends to be as much as twice the price of gold, whereas during periods of economic uncertainty, the price of platinum tends to decrease due to reduced industrial demand, falling below the price of gold. Gold prices are more stable in slow economic times, as gold is considered a safe haven. Although gold is also used in industrial applications, especially in electronics due to its use as a conductor, its demand is not so driven by industrial uses. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King declare it the only metal fit for a king.
Average price of platinum from 1992 to 2012 in US$ perOther uses In the laboratory, platinum wire is used for electrodes; platinum pans and supports are used in because of the stringent requirements of chemical inertness upon heating to high temperatures (1000 °C). Platinum is used as an alloying agent for various metal products, including fine wires, noncorrosive laboratory containers, medical instruments, dental prostheses, electrical contacts, and thermocouples. Platinum-cobalt, an alloy of roughly three parts platinum and one part cobalt, is used to make relatively strong permanent.
Platinum-based anodes are used in ships, pipelines, and steel piers. Symbol of prestige in marketing. An assortment of native platinum nuggetsPlatinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth.
'Platinum' have greater privileges than ' cards. ' are the second highest possible, ranking above 'gold', ' and ', but below. For example, in the United States, a musical album that has sold more than 1 million copies will be credited as 'platinum', whereas an album that has sold more than 10 million copies will be certified as 'diamond'. Some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white color are identified as 'platinum'. Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use is not as common as the use of gold or silver. The frame of the, manufactured for her coronation as Consort of, is made of platinum.
It was the first British crown to be made of this particular metal. Health problems According to the, short-term exposure to platinum salts may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure may cause both respiratory and skin allergies. The current standard is 2 micrograms per cubic meter of air averaged over an 8-hour work shift. The has set a (REL) for platinum as 1 mg/m 3 over an 8-hour workday.agents are used in, and show good activity against some tumors. As platinum is a in the manufacture of the and gel components of several types of (breast implants, joint replacement prosthetics, artificial lumbar discs, vascular access ports, etc.), the possibility that platinum could enter the body and cause adverse effects has merited study.
The and other institutions have reviewed the issue and found no evidence to suggest toxicity. See also.
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